Participants are not allowed to modify the training procedure.

We decreased the confidence threshold to 0.1 to increase article and headline The following specifications were used: { resolution: 256, learning rate: 2e-3 }. This limit is binding for common words, e.g., "the". The recognizer is trained using the Supervised Contrastive ("SupCon") loss function [7], a gener-45 In particular, we work with the "outside" SupCon loss formulation We use a MobileNetV3 (Small) encoder pre-trained on ImageNet1k sourced from the timm [19] We use 0.1 as the temperature for Center Cropping, to avoid destroying too much information. C (Small) model that is developed in [2] for character recognition. If multiple article bounding boxes satisfy these rules for a given headline, then we take the highest.

This approach may, however, hinder the comprehensive exploitation of unlabeled data points. We hypothesize that this selective usage arises from the noise in pseudo-labels generated on unlabeled data. The noise in pseudo-labels may result in significant discrepancies between pseudo-labels and model predictions, thus confusing and affecting the model training greatly.

Unless stated otherwise we use American English for transcriptions.

Large language models (LLMs), typically designed as a function of next-word prediction, have excelled across extensive NLP tasks. Despite the generality, next-word prediction is often not an efficient formulation for many of the tasks, demanding an extreme scale of model parameters (10s or 100s of billions) and sometimes yielding suboptimal performance. In practice, it is often desirable to build more efficient models--despite being less versatile, they still apply to a substantial subset of problems, delivering on par or even superior performance with much smaller model sizes.

Here, we characterize the radiology report as a distinct domain and introduce RaLEs, the Radiology Language Evaluations, as a benchmark for natural language understanding and generation in radiology.

We select a representative subset consisting of 22 datasets and propose it as the MESS benchmark.

Figure 1: The illustrative examples for two proposed techniques: Back-imagination and Back-speech. Tiny ImageNet [Le and Y ang, 2015] serves as a compact version of the comprehensive ImageNet dataset. The Stanford Sentiment Treebank-2 (SST -2) [Socher et al., 2013] is a sentiment classification dataset Given the scarcity of datasets for understanding natural language in visual scenes, we introduce a novel textual entailment dataset, named Textual Natural Contextual Classification (TNCC). This dataset is formulated on the foundation of Crisscrossed Captions [Parekh et al., 2020], an image In this work, we employ a uniform experimental configuration for both textual entailment and sentiment classification tasks. For the image classification task, we employ the ResNet18 [He et al., 2015] model, which is considered more suitable for small datasets.